Ephraim, thank you for your VERY full response to my posting. I appreciate your insights, even when I don't agree with them.
Before I respond to this more fully, I want to make one point clear, not for your benefit (because generally you do get the distinction I am about to make), but for some others who, from their comments, clearly don't.
When I talk about “virtual rape” here, I am NOT (with I think, one brief exception) talking about rape animations or simulations of the sort that ARE consensual in SL.
What I am talking about, and what these readings you are discussing are largely concerned with, is nonconsensual virtual rape or assault. By this I mean essentially a specialized form of griefing, which is deliberately and consciously sexual in nature. An example might be a clickable object in SL that disguises its true nature, and results in an unexpected sexual animation. Or the “voodoo doll” programme that Julian Dibble speaks about in his account of the LambdaMOO “virtual rape.” Or even, in some contexts, the “caging” of a female avatar.
From: Ephraim Kappler
Scylla, assuming you read this, I should say that I don't think the issue of online rape ties in that closely with stalking, which was the line I had been taking in the discussion. The two things often go together in RL but they're not at all the same thing. For one thing, women make excellent stalkers too and for another, the intentions of the stalker and the effects on the victim of being stalked won't necessarily be the same as a case of rape.
Well, I am not tying them together in quite the way that you do here. Agreed, for instance, that women can be stalkers, and agreed, also, that the motives and impact of the stalker may be quite different from those associated with the rapist. When I associate these notions, I am really categorizing them together, in the context of SL, as a specialized form of griefing, because the mechanics are somewhat similar, as are, in the virtual context, the effects.
From: Ephraim Kappler
The implications of 'rape' in virtual worlds has been discussed several times that I can think of on these forums alone and the consensus, as far as SL goes at any rate, seems to be that rape is very much tied in with roleplaying and there is no real harm done because it is essentially consensual. For one thing, I don't imagine collared residents would agree with Duranske's suggestion that BDSM collars facilitate rape and the gist of discussions of the issue on these forums was very much reflected in the discussion following Duranske's article.
I think, on the whole, that I agree with this; as noted above, I myself am not speaking here about consensual simulations of rape (using pose balls, emoting, and the like), but rather involuntary nonconsensual griefing attacks of a sexual nature. That said, I would gesture towards the thread we had here some weeks ago(?) on the subject of the combination of an RLV viewer with scripted BDSM equipment that removed the element of consent from the avatar interactions. Yes, the woman needed to consent to this first, and, yes, there WERE means of escape, but it does seem to me the kind of equipment that might be open to abuse, and to a shift from a consensual to a nonconsensual scenario.
From: Ephraim Kappler
His caveat that a virtual rapist can take advantage of newbie ignorance doesn't wash with me at all: I would argue that new residents should take responsibility for themselves and get the hang of basic concepts like camera control, the communication interface and important features like the 'Stand' and 'Mute' buttons before experimenting with SL or any other virtual environment for that matter. But this is another can of worms in itself: the Lindens shouldn't be allowing new residents in-world at the drop of a hat these days. An induction period on 'Orientation Island' is an absolute prerequisite even at the cost of new accounts logging out permanently within their first few hours.
Well, the fact is that newbies ARE being targeted by griefers and sexual predators; I can affirm that from very direct experience. It seems rather hard to blame someone who probably has no idea what a griefer even IS for not being better prepared to meet them.
Agreed that LL needs to take more responsibility for this, though. This is why the SLLUFN have produced a Survival Kit for Newbie Women that focusses to a large extent upon safety in-world.
From: Ephraim Kappler
As you probably guessed already, I totally agree with the Wired article. I might have written it myself.
I don't entirely disagree with it myself. I think it is overall an excellent analysis. As I've said, I don't think that even nonconsensual virtual rape IS “rape” in the RL sense of that word; I do think, however, that in certain contexts it might be a crime. Not a crime of the importance of RL rape, of course, but one certainly in line with other forms of online harassment, stalking, or bullying.
From: Ephraim Kappler
Dibbell's story is a very interesting and nicely told, reading like a game of consequences between MR James and William Gibson. However, I suspect it's impact might just be down to the matter of his style as much as the events he describes so well. Something about his description of LambdaMOO reminds me of Mark Z Danielewski's 'House of Leaves' and I have to ask what the residents of LambdaMOO were looking for when they logged into that darkly gothic mansion? I guess they didn't expect to be manipulated like dolls and 'raped' but Mr Bungle nevertheless strikes me as a well-defined figure of horror extending the theme of the place through his actions.
I agree entirely that there is a campy element to this incident. But I think your suggestion that Mr. Bungle is a well-defined figure of horror is entirely to the point: he is emblematic of a kind of narrative. And in manipulating the others, he in effect imposes his narrative upon them. They ceased to be active participants, and became reified puppets. Nonconsensual rape is many many things: one of those things IS precisely this: violently or forcibly imposing a fantasy narrative upon an unwilling victim, who becomes nothing more than a stage prop. It is the conflict between different narratives, and the way in which one triumphed over the others, that is the key to this account. And in a text-driven VW, narrative is all.
From: Ephraim Kappler
And where was the damage actually done? Despite her tears of frustration, it seems Moondreamer was only severely pissed about the whole business when she posted her view on what happened the following day.
I'm not entirely sure why Moondreamer's apparent delayed response invalidates it. In my own experience, RL trauma often plays out this way; it progresses through stages, the first of which is often simply shock.
From: Ephraim Kappler
Perhaps I'm short on patience but I could take Dibbell's thesis about rape being an attack on the mind and argue that some folk have a way of being so polite and bland and yet very clear on their right to do as they please that I'm sure it never occurs to them they are being abusive to strangers, raping them with their relentless focus on smalltalk in certain situations. Silly, I know, but there are cafés and plazas all over SL where they can indulge themselves with that kind of thing and it occurs to me that Mr Bungle perhaps found himself in the midst of just such a soirée on LambdaMOO.
I'm having a hard time with this . . . Let's agree that there are people who can drive one mad in SL and RL with their banality, etc.; to equate the damage that THEY inflict unknowingly (surely they think they are being engaging?) with rape seems a bit over the top. As does the admittedly playful suggestion here that a form of virtual rape might be an appropriate response.
From: Ephraim Kappler
I don't go with the association between violence in the media being an influence on our behaviour at all. I grew up in a part of the world where extreme violence was very much an everyday occurrence and Jerry slamming an iron in Tom's face or any amount of Sam Peckinpah films in our local cinema had precious little to do with it I am sure.
I think the dichotomy you are setting up here is a bit simplistic. Admittedly, discussions of media influence on behaviour are often, usually for polemical reasons, themselves pretty reductive. But to argue that individuals in one culture engage in violence for different reasons is not to invalidate the observation that, in another culture, the media might have a role. And the key here is “have a role”: I don't think anyone (and certainly not I) would argue that media, virtual worlds, pornography, or what-have-you are the only, or even the primary factors behind violence in society. They are contributors to a greater or lesser degree, in a manner that is obviously going to vary from culture to culture.
In general, I can only observe that if the media does NOT have an impact upon our behaviour, then an awful lot of businesses, political parties, ideological groups, etc., are wasting an awful lot of money on advertising, propaganda, PR, and the rest.
I would also suggest that the proof is in the pudding, so to speak. People “do” things, whatever those things are, in SL because those things provoke an emotional or intellectual response. If people are cybering here, it is because they get a charge out of it. If people are entering into virtual relationships here, it is because to do so is emotionally fulfilling in some way. In other words, we are all here, for our different reasons, because THIS medium DOES impact upon us in some way. The degree to which that impact lingers into RL is going to vary enormously from person to person, but if there were no “affect” here at all, there would be no point to the place. Does someone with a virtual partner or lover in SL cease to think of that person at all when they log out? Do they think of that lover as merely a part of a computerized game that ceases to have reality once the computer is turned off? Not in my experience.
The argument that we only carry away with us the “nice” emotions that SL produces, but that we leave behind the “nasty” ones when we log off, makes no sense. I may spend a day in RL feeling all warm and fuzzy because of a lovely conversation I had in SL the previous night. Why is it so hard to believe that I can't similarly spend my day under a cloud, or even excessively upset, because of an unpleasant experience here?
From: Ephraim Kappler
I had to ask myself why a depiction of violence against the effigy of a particular woman is deemed symbolic of violence against womankind in general? How did we get to the point where it is second nature for this conclusion to be drawn? What is the basis for thinking like this? The jerk was out of order with his prank but it's a slick trick to conclude he was making an assault on women everywhere.
This surely depends on context. If I see a depiction of a black man being set upon by a group of white teenagers, it is surely not unreasonable to read that as a depiction of a racist attack, directed by implication against all blacks?
The additional factor here is power relations: an assault upon a woman by a man can easily (whether accurately or not) be read as an affirmation of the fact that men have a physical strength not possessed by most women (i.e., the woman is at a disadvantage, almost by definition), and that, historically, such assaults by men upon women have not been treated with the seriousness that other forms of assault are. It is, in other words, an enactment and a symbol of the underlying power structures of society.
From: Ephraim Kappler
Writers like Waddington make the argument stick by inferring most everybody suffers from a lack of affect whereas the inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality is not by any means a prevalent disorder. People can tell the difference.
Some people are much better at telling the difference than others; we all know people, often quite a few of them, who are essentially “lost” in the illusion of SL. That is, of course, foolishness. But it does make them more vulnerable to emotional abuse. And I don't think that mere “foolishness” merits or justifies abuse.
And again, I would point out that we are ALL here, to greater or lesser degrees, for the affect. To the extent that our intellectual and emotional responses to our experiences in SL do NOT simply evaporate when we log off, we are all vulnerable, and at least potentially willing victims.
I DO find Boyd's use of Waddington's idea that as “the line between real wrongs and simulated wrongs slowly erodes, so too does the very notion of wrongness itself” a bit tendentious. Nonetheless, I can see some validity to the argument that an environment that treats virtual rape as “fun” is capable of somewhat undermining our perceptions of real life rape. After all (and I know I've said this many times before), the woman who clicks “accept” on that rape animation is “demonstrating” that women “like” rape, and fantasize about it. Or so, at least, it is likely to be perceived by some.
From: Ephraim Kappler
I have trouble with Boyd's thesis in general. Every other point she makes is selectively building an image of online behaviour that does not tally with my own experience: "the overtly 'masculine' atmosphere of some online forums" is completely at odds with my SL experience, for instance, where there are just as many if not far more females than males either in-world or on these forums and an equally feminine vibe about the atmosphere and attitudes of residents in general. And I wonder why "research on sexualised violence against women in gaming and virtual environments has not generally kept up with the extent of its occurrence"? Is it really any more prevalent than similar occurrences against males in SL? Is online violence that much of a public health issue in any respect?
These are all good questions. I DO find fora such as this to be more aggressive and sometimes hostile than, for instance, in-world chat usually is. I am not sure that I, personally, would go so far as to suggest that that aggression is necessarily more “masculine.”
The reason why research on virtual harm has not kept up is, it seems to me, pretty straight-forward: this is still a very new phenomenon, and there is always a lag between developments such as this, and a critical analysis of them. As for the prevalence of sexualized virtual violence against males in SL ... well, I honestly don't know. I'd LIKE to know. I seriously doubt it is anywhere near as prevalent, but I am quite willing to be proven wrong on that score.
Is “online violence that much of a public health issue in any respect”? Well, not in the sense that cancer is a public health issue, or AIDS, or PTSD. And certainly not in the sense that REAL rape is a public health issue. I guess it is for society to judge its priorities in this regard: I think it IS an issue, but I am not about to suggest that we close RL rape clinics so as to redirect funding towards this.
From: Ephraim Kappler
It is complicated, obviously, because I just don't get it. That or I guess there are an awful lot of people out there who need to get their thinking straight. For the time being at least, I have to assume the latter because, frankly, I won't risk my sanity trying to follow their twisted thinking on this one.
I am not going to try to speculate on why you personally don't “get it.” I think that some men don't “get it” because, frankly, they are men, and have never felt what it is to be afraid, in quite the way that a woman is, walking down a dark street at night by yourself. Some, probably including many females, don't understand how experiences or images here can often be “triggering” for those who have experienced RL harassment, stalking, or rape, or even perhaps just the fear of those things. Part of the reason for having these discussions is, of course, to communicate the reality of these different perspectives to those who may not have had any conception of their existence.
Finally, though, I think it may come down to something that Clarissa has said in more than one of her posts: we all experience SL in our own individual ways. And, as in RL, I think we should try to accommodate, as much as possible, those different experiences. Your account of the encounter with the RL paraplegic is a case in point: you would not have said what you did had you known. If you knew that the woman you were speaking to might be frightened or upset by a particular turn in the conversation, role play, or whatever, would you go ahead and do it anyway? No, of course not. Well, I can assure that there ARE women – lots of them – in SL who will respond in that way. Surely civil behaviour demands that we be aware of and sensitive to that?
From: Ephraim Kappler
It's only pixels, as I keep insisting, and the bottom line for anyone who has met similar attacks on their av is that they should get over it or drop it like a hot potato if it is so distressful.
But it's NOT only pixels. It's ME, or it's Clarissa, or whoever . . . the pixels are merely the masks that we wear here: behind them lie all of the same complexities of character, intellect, and emotion that you would find in our RL selves. I am not an algorithm, and I reserve the right to be affected on a number of levels by my experiences here. Again, were I not affected, there would be no point in my being here in the first place. This is a virtual rather than a physical world, but my experience of it is no less “real” for all that.